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List of Contributors; Preface Part I Fusarium Populations Associated with Fusarium Head Blight in Latin America 1. Population Structure of Fusarium graminearum Species Complex Genotypes and Chemotypes in Relation to Trichothecene Production; Mar a M. Reynoso, Mar a L. Ram rez, Mar a C. Farnochi, Adriana M. Torres, Sof a N. Chulze 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Population Structure 1.3 Fusarium graminearum Species Complex Genotypes-Chemotypes 1.4 Conclusions 1.5 References 2. Species Identification, Genetic Diversity and Phenotypic Variation Studies on the Fusarium graminearum Complex Populations from Brazil; Emerson M. Del Ponte, Dauri J. Tessmann, Pi rri Spolti, Paulo R. Kuhnem, Cleiltan N. da Silva 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Species Identification Based on Morphological and Reproductive Traits 2.3 Molecular Identification and Genetic Diversity 2.4 Trichothecene-Producing Potential 2.5 Fitness-Related and Aggressiveness Traits 2.6 Fungicide Sensitivity 2.7 Conclusions 2.8 References 3. Diversity of Pathogen Populations Causing Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat in Uruguay; Mariana Umpi rrez, Gabriela Garmendia, M nica Cabrera, Silvia Pereyra, Silvana Vero 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Species and Chemotypes Diversity in Uruguay 3.3 Characterization of Fusarium graminearum Species Complex Isolates 3.3.1 In Vitro Deoxynivalenol Production 3.3.2 Aggressiveness 3.3.3 Perithecia Production on Wheat Straw 3.3.4 Quantitative Assessment of Fungicide Sensitivity 3.4 Discussion 3.5 References 4. Ecophysiology of Fusarium graminearum Main Pathogen Associated to Fusarium Head Blight in Latin America; Mar a L. Ramirez, Mar a C. Farnochi, Sof a .N. Chulze 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Environmental Abiotic Factors Affecting Fusarium graminearum Growth and Deoxynivalenol Production 4.3 Environmental Abiotic Factors and Fungicides on Growth and Deoxynivalenol Production by Fusarium graminearum 4.4 Comparison Between Osmotic and Matrix Water Stress on Germination, Growth of Fusarium graminearum 4.5 Conclusions 4.6 References Part II - Mycotoxins 5. Mycotoxins Associated to Fusarium Species that Caused Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat in Latin-America; Virginia Fern ndez Pinto, Andrea Patriarca, Graciela Pose 5.1 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Fusarium Head Blight Events in Wheat in Latin America 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Argentina 5.1.3 Brazil 5.1.4 Uruguay 5.2 Toxins 5.2.1 Trichothecenes 5.2.1.2 Deoxynivalenol, 3- and 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol 5.2.1.3 Nivalenol 5.2.1.4 Fusarenone X 5.2.1.5 T-2 and HT-2 Toxins 5.2.2 Zearalenone 5.3 References 6. Fusarium Mycotoxins. An Overview of Chemical Characterization and Techniques for its Determination from Agricultural Products; Andrea L.Astoreca, Teresa M. Alconada Magliano, Leonel M. Ortega 6.1 Fumonisins (FBs) 6.1.1 General Characterization 6.1.2 Biological Effects 6.1.3 Detection Procedures 6.2 Trichothecenes 6.2.1 General Characterization 6.2.2 Biological Effects 6.2.3 Chemical Composition of Main Trichothecenes 6.2.3.1 Trichothecene Type A 6.2.3.2 Trichothecene Type B 6.2.3.3 Trichothecene Type C and D 6.2.4 Detection Procedures 6.2.4.1 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) 6.2.4.2 High - Performance Liquid Chromatography 6.2.4.3 Liquid Chromatograph - Tandem Mass Spectrometry 6.2.4.4 Gas Chromatography 6.2.4.5 Rapid Methods and Emerging Techniques 6.3 Zearalenone 6.3.1 General Characterization 6.3.2 Biological Effects 6.3.3 Detection Procedures 6.4 Moniliformin 6.4.1 General Characterization 6.4.2 Biological Effects 6.4.3 Detection Procedures 6.5 Simultaneously Detection 6.6 References Part III - Interaction Plant Pathogen 7. Fungal Infection and Disease Progression. Fusarium spp. Enzymes Associated with Pathogenesis and Loss of Commercial Value of Wheat Grains; Teresa M. Alconada Magliano, Gisele E. Kikot 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pathogen 7.2.1 Fungal Infection and Disease Progression 7.2.2 Morphogenesis in Germinating Macroconidia 7.2.3 The Structure of Plant Cell Walls 7.2.4 Cell-Wall Degrading Enzymes 7.2.5 Microscopy Techniques for th.